delta to star conversion formula | what is delta to star resistance conversion formula problems with solution questions answers

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what is delta to star resistance conversion formula problems with solution questions answers , delta to star conversion formula  meaning and definition
Network Laws and Theorems
Network laws and theorems As we know, a network is just a combination of various components such as resistive etc., interconnected in all sorts of manner. most of these network cannot be solved merely by appliynig laws of series and parallel circuits. of course kirchhoff’s laws can always be used. but often it makes the solution quite long and laborious. hence, various network theorems have been developed which provide very short and time-saving methods to sovle these complicated circuits.
Delta to Star (or to T) Transformation
R1 = R12R31/R12 + R23 + R31, R2 = R12R23/R12 + R23 + R31
R3 = R23R31/R12 + R23 + R31
Star to Delta (or T to) Transformation
Superimposed delta and star networks
R12 = R3, R23 = R1, R31 = R3
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Voltage and Current Division
Voltage Division in Series Circuit
VR1 = [R1/R1 + R2]V,   VR2 = [R2/R1 + R2] V
This circuit is a voltage divider circuit.
Current Division in Parallel Circuit
I1 = [R2/R1 + R2]I
I2 = [R1/R1 + R2]I
Thus, the current in any branch is equal to the ration of opposite branch resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit.
Network Theorems

  1. superposition theorem
  2. thevenin’s theorem
  3. norton’s theorem
  4. maximum power transfer theorem
  5. reciprocity theorem
  6. compensation theorem
  7. millman’s theorem
  8. tellegen’s theorem
  9. Superposition theorem

The response in any element of a linear bilateral RLC network containing more than one independent voltage and current sources is the sum of responses produced by the sources each acting alone when

  1. All other independent voltage sources are short circuited.
  2. All other independent current sources are open circuited.
  3. All dependent voltage and current sources remain same, as they are

This theorem is not applicable to

  1. Non-linear network
  2. non-linear parameters such as power

Example 1. The network is shown in figure given below. Determine VC (t) the voltage across capacitor C,by the superposition principle and verify.
Sol. 1.  Consider the network in fig. (a) :
by KVL in loop I1, V + VR1 + VC   and in loop  I2, 0 = VL – VC
By KCL at node 1, I = – I1 + I2 + I3
Let VC (t) be the total response due to sources V (t) and I (t) from the three equations,
R1 d/dt (CVC (t)) + VC (t) + R1/L |VC (P) dp
= V (t) + R1 I (t) ………………….(1)

  1. (a) Remove I (t), i.e., I (t) = 0, by an open circuit. find the voltage V’C(t) across capacitor C due to input V (t) alone. Applying KVL and KCL to the network in fig. (b),

V = VR1 + V’C
0 = VL – VC
0 = – I1 + I2 + I3
Combining these equations,
R1 d/dt [CVC‘(t)] + V’C (t) + R1/L |V’C(P) dp = V (t)  ………….(2)

  1. (b) Remove V (t) by short-circuiting, i.e., V (t) = 0. find the voltage V”C (t) across capacitor C due to input I (t) alone. applying KVL and KCL to the network in fig. (c),

R1d/dt (CV”C(t)) + V”C(T) + R1/L |V’C (P) dp = R1 I (t) …………..(3)
solving eqs. (i), (ii), and (iii) for Vc (t), V‘C (T) and V2C (t), respectively, we can verify the superposition principle by showing
VC (t) = VC‘ (t) + VC‘ (t) ……………..(4)

  1. Thevenin’s Theorem

VOC = voltage (open circuit) between aa’ (when I = 0) ZEQ = equivalent impedance between aa’ terminals when

  1. all independent voltage sources are short circuited.
  2. all independent current sources are open circuited.

A linear active RLC network which contains sources can independent or dependent voltage and current sources can be replaced by single voltage source VOC in series with equivalent impedance ZEQ

  1. Norton’s Theorem

ISC = short circuit current between aa’ (when V = 0)
ZEQ = VOC/ISE
A linear active RLC network which contains one or more independent or dependent voltage and current sources can be replaced by a single current source ISC in parallel with the impedance ZEQ.
This theorem is not valid for
(i) unilateral elements
(ii) non-linear elements
The transformation between the thevenin’s and the norton’s models can be represented in terms of the source transformation.
Example 2. To find (i) thevenin’s and norton’s models
Sol. 10 A current is divided into three different branches.
10 = 4 + I + I’
I’ = 0
I = 6 A
VOC = I x 10
VOC = 6 x 10 = 60 V
REQ = 10
ISC = 6 A
REQ = VOC/ISC
REQ = 60/10
REQ = 10

  1. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

This theorem states that, the maximum power is absorbed by one network from another joined to it at two terminals, when the impedance of one is the conjugate of other.
ZS = RS + JXS,   ZL = RL + JXL
Conditions for maximum power transfer from source to load
I = VS/ZL + ZS = VS/ (RL + JXL) + (RS + JXS)
I = VS/(RL + RS) + J(XL + XS)
PL = [I]2 RL = VS2RL/(RL = RS)2 + (XL + XS)2
For maximum power,
[PL]/RL = 0   RL = RS
[PL]/XL = 0   XL = – XS
ZL = RL + JXL = RS – JXS = Z*S
ZS = RS + JXS
RL = RS, XL = – XS
ZL = ZS*
So, if source impedance is inductive then load impedance must be capacitive and vice-versa.
. the theorem is applicable for the resistive or reactive circuits.
. the theorem is applicable for the DC voltage source as well as AC voltage source.
. the theorem is not applicable for unilateral or non-linear networks.
Case 1
RL = RS
The maximum power transfer takes place only by 50% efficiency.
For an ideal voltage source RS = 0. Then the maximum power transfer takes place with 100% efficiency.
Case 2
RL = RS2 + XS2
Case 3
ZS = RS + JXS
ZL = RL + JXL
ZL = ZS
RL = RS
XL = – XS
Steps for solving the network related to maximum power transfer theorem
(i) Remove the load resistance and find the thevenin’s resistance RTH of the source networks.
(ii) From maximum power transfer theorem, this resistance RTH equals load resistance, i.e., RTH = RL . for maximum power transfer.
(iii) Find the thevenin’s voltage VTH across the open-circuited load terminal.
(iv) Maximum power transfer is given by
PL, (MAX) = VTH2/4RL

  1. Reciprocity Theorem

In any linear network containing bilateral linear impedances and single source, the ratio of a voltage V introduced in one mesh to the current I in any second mesh is the same as the ratio obtained if the positions of V and I are interchanged.
Following points should be noted :
(i) Any reciprocal network should not have any dependent source.
(ii) All the elements should be time invariants.
(iii) Reciprocal networks do not have initial conditions.
If the networks are reciprocal then from reciprocity theorem
V/I = V’/I’

  1. Compensation Theorem

In a linear time invariant network when the impedance Z of an uncoupled branch carrying a current I is changed by Z, the currents in all the branches would change and can be obtained by assuming that an ideal voltage source of VC = IZ has been connected in series with (Z + Z) when all other sources in the network are replaced by their internal resistances.
Consider the network N  in fig. 11 (a) having branch impedance Z. let the current through Z be I and its voltage be V.
let Z be the change in Z, the new current I’ is
I’ = VOC/Z + Z + ZTH
I = I’ – I = VOC/Z + Z + ZTH – VOC/ Z + ZTH
I = – I Z/ Z + Z + ZTH = – VC/Z + Z + ZTH
VC + I Z

  1. Millman’s Theorem

Millman’s theorem states that if several voltage source in series with admittances are connected.
Example 6. Using millman’s theorem. find the current through load RL in the circuit shown in figure below. also find the voltage drop across RL?
Sol. let V be the equivalent voltage source and R is the resistance to be placed in series with voltage source of the millman’s equivalent circuit.
– 4 x 1/4 – 2 x 1/4 + 10 x 1/4
v = 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4  = 4/3 V
R = 1/1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 4/3
4/3
I = 4/3 + 10 = 0.12 A
VL = 0.12 x 10 = 1.2 V

  1. Tellegen’s Theorem

In any network, the sum of instantaneous power absorbed by various elements is always equal to zero.
Therefore, the tatal power given out by an active elements (sources) is always equal to total power absorbed by various elements in the branches of the network.
b = number of branches in the network
This theorem is vaild irrespective of
(i) Shape of the network
(ii) Elements contain in the network
(iii) Value of each element contains in the network. The theorem is applicable to DC or AC voltage or current sources so long as the KVL and KCL equations are applicable.
Intro Exercise-3

  1. Which one of the following is applicable to any network linear or non-linear, active or passive, time varying or invariant as long as kirchhoff’s laws are not violated?

(a) tellegen’s theorem
(b) reciprocity theorem
(c) maximum power transfer theorem
(d) superposition theorem

  1. Which of the following truly represents the thevenin’s equivalent circuit when a voltage source to a load current of 1 A?

(a) VTH = 24 V, RTH = 0.6
(b) VTH = 24 V, RTH = 24
(c) VTH = 23.4 V, RTH = 0.6
(d) VTH = 23.4 V, RTH = 23.4

  1. For which type of the following thevenin’s and norton equivalents cannot be developed?

(a) DC independent sources
(b) AC independent sources
(c) Independent and dependent
(d) Independent and dependent sources with all controlling current and voltage contained within the network whose equivalent is being developed

  1. Which of the following is essential for the reciprocity theorem to be applicable ?

(a) linearity
(b) bilateralism
(c) no initial history
(d) all of these

  1. Which of the following is not a condition for maximum power transfer across a load ZL <0L in an AC thevenin equivalent circuit of voltage VTH <00 and ZTH <0TH

(a) ZL = ZTH
(b) 0L = – 0TH
(c) 0L = 0TH
(d) All of these

  1. In which of the following, it is not desired to attain the condition of maximum power transfer?

(a) Electronic circuits
(b) Communicational circuits
(c) Computer circuits
(d) Electric circuits

  1. A generator of internal impedance [ZC] delivers maximum power to a load impedance ZP only if

(a) ZP < ZC
(b) ZP > ZG
(c) ZP = ZC
(d) ZP = 2ZC

  1. A ramp voltage V(t) = 100t V, is applied to an RC differencing circuit with R = 5 K and C = uf. the maximum output voltage is

(a) 0.2 v
(b) 2.0 v
(c) 10.0 v
(d) 50.0 v

  1. The value of the resistance, R connected across the terminals A and B (from figure) which will absorb the maximum power is

(a) 4.00 k
(b) 4.11 k
(c) 8.00 k
(d) 9.00 k

  1. A delta-connected network with its wyes equivalent is shown in figure. the resistances R1,R2 and R3 (in ohm) are respectively)

(a) 1.5, 3 and 9
(b) 3, 9 and 1.5
(c) 9,3 and 1.5
(d) 3, 1.5 and 9

  1. Find VTH, RTH in the figure is given below.

(a) 2V, 4
(b) 4 V , 4
(c) 4 V, 5
(d) 2 V, 5

  1. Find IN and RN in the figure given below.

(a) 3 A, 10/3
(b) 10 A, 4
(c) 1.5 A, 6
(d) 1.5 A, 4

  1. A simple equivalent circuit of the two-terminal network shown in figure, is
  2. Find the value RTH in the figure given below

(a) 00
(b) 0
(c) 3/125
(d) 125/3

  1. In the delta equivalent of the given star connected Circuit ZQR is equal to

(a) 40
(b) (20 + j10)
(c) (5 + j10/3)
(d) (10 + j30)

  1. In the circuit shown in figure the effective resistance faced by the voltage source is

(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1

  1. Find the value of REQ in the figure given below

(a) 18
(b) 72/13
(c) 36/13
(d) 9

  1. In the lattice network, the value of RL for the maximum power transfer to it, is

(a) 6.67
(b) 9
(c) 6.52
(d) 8

  1. A battery has a short-circuit current of 30 A and an open-circuit voltage of 24 V. if the battery is connected to an electric bulb of resistance 2, the power dissipated by the bulb is

(a) 80 W
(b) 1800 W
(c) 147.378
(d) 228 W

  1. Measurement made on terminal ab of a circuit of figure yields the current voltage characteristics shown in figure, the thevenin resistance is

(a) 300
(b) – 300
(c) 100
(d) -100
Answers with Solutions

  1. (a)

Tellegen’s theorem is applicable for linear or non-linear, active or passive time varying or invariant networks.
k = 1 VK (t) IK (t) = 0

  1. (a)

IL = 1 A
Voltage drop across voltage source = 0.6 V
RS = V/IL = 0.6/1
RS = 0.6
Now, to draw thevenin equivalent circuit,
RTH = RS when calculate REQ across ab when voltage source is short-circuited and VTH = 24 V

  1. (c)

When we use independent and dependent source in a circuit, we cannot make thevenin and norton’s equivalent circuits.

  1. (d)

Reciprocity theorem is applicable for linear and bilateral networks.

  1. (c)

For maximum power transfer,
ZL = Z*TH
ZTH = R + JX
0TH = tan-1(X/R)
ZL = Z*TH = R – JX
0L = – tan-1(X/R)
0L = – 0TH
and ZL = ZTH when network is purely resistive. so, option (c) is not condition for maximum power transfer across a load.

  1. (d)

It is not desired to attain the condition of maximum power transfer for electric circuits.

  1. (c)

According to maximum power transfer theorem,
ZP = ZG

  1. (b)

Input voltage = ramp voltage = 100t
maximum output voltage of RC differentiator circuit
= RC dv/dt
= 5 x 103 x 4 x 10-6 x 100 = 20 x 10-1
= 2 x 10-1 x 101 = 2 v

  1. (a)

We know that,
According to maximum power transfer theorm,
R = resistance across AB = RTH
Thevenin equivalent resistance,
RAB = 3 x 6/9 + 4 x 4 /8 = 2 + 2 = 4 k
RTH = RAB = 4 K

  1. (d)

R1 = RAB x RAC/RAB + RBC + RCA = 5 x 30/50 = 3
R2 = Rab x RBC/RAB = 5 x 15/50 = 1.5
R3 = RCA x RCB/RAB = 15 x 30/50 = 9
RAB = RCB + RBC + RCA

  1. (b)

RTH = (3||6) + 2
RTH = 4
VTH = (6) (6)/3 + 6
VTH = 4 V

  1. (a)

REQ = RN = (2||4) + 2
RN = 10/3
V1 = (15/2)/(1/2) + (1/2 + (1/4) = 6 V
ISC = IN = V1/2 = 3A

  1. (b)

After replacing all the sources by their internal impledance, equivalent resistance is R and open circuit voltage is V1.

  1. (d)

Using source transformation method,
VX = 100I1 + 200I1 + 50(I1 + 1)
VX = 100I1 – VX
VX = 50I1
50I1 = 300I1 + 50I1 + 50 = I1  – 1/6
VTEST – 50 (1-1/6) = 125/3 V
RTH = VTEST/I = (125/3) /1=(125/3)

  1. (d)

ZQR = [(5 x 10) + (10 x j10) + (j x 10 x 5)]/5
ZQR = (10 + J30)

  1. (b)

VS = 4 x 3i/4         VS/I = 3

  1. (d)

Changing the delta network to Y-network
REQ = 18||{14 + 10||(6 + 2/3)}
REQ = 18||(14 + 4)
REQ = 9

  1. (c)

RTH = REQ = (7||5) + (6||9) = 6.52

  1. (c)

RN = REQ = VOC/ISE = 24/30 = 8/10 = 0.8
P = (VOC)2/(REQ + RL)2 x RL
P = (24)2/(0.8 + 2)2
P = 146.378 W

  1. (d)

At V = 0   ISC = 30 mA
At         I = 0,   VOC = – 3 V
RTH = VOC/ISC = -3/30
RTH = – 100

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