Phraya Si Sunthon Wohan | พระยาศรีสุนทรโวหาร น้อย อาจารยางกูร

พระยาศรีสุนทรโวหาร น้อย อาจารยางกูร , Phraya Si Sunthon Wohan .

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EXAMPLE 6.17. If the rectangular pulse is applied to a RC filter shown in figure 6.43 instead of a matched filter, evaluate the maximum signal to noise ratio which can be obtained by RC filter and compare it with that obtained by corresponding matched filter.

(U.P. Tech., Sem. Exam., 2003-04)

DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.35 An RC filter to receive rectan-gular pulse.

Solution: When rectangular pulse is applied as input to the RC filter, its output x₀(t) will be as shown below in figure 6.36(b).

The output x₀(t) of the RC filter can be expressed in two parts as under:

x₀(t) = A(1-e^-t/RC) for 0 < t ≤ T

A(1-e^-t/RC)_e ^-(t-T)/RC for t > T …(i)

Here, the first part represents charging of the capacitor when pulse is applied for 0 ≤ t ≤ T. The second part represents a discharging of the capacitor when the pulse x(t) is removed after t > T. The maximum value of x₀(t) occurs at t = T as shown in figure 6.44(b). Therefore, substituting t = T in first part of equation (i), we get

x (T) = A (1-e-T/RC) …(ii)

DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.36 (a) Rectangular pulse input to the RC filter (b) Output of the RC filter in response to the rectangular input pulse.

Now, let us calculate the transfer function of the RC filter. Figure 6.37 shows the values of different parameters of RC filter in frequency domain.

From figure 6.37, we can write H(f) as,

EQUATION

Let us multiply numerator and denominator of above equation by 1-j2fRC, i.e.,

EQUATION

DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.37 Frequency domain representation of RC network

Magnitude of H(f) will be,

EQUATION

EQUATION …(iii)

We know that psds of input and output noise are related as,

S_no(f) = S_ni(f)

The psd of white Gaussian noise is, S_ni(f) = ; hence, above equation becomes,

S_no(f) =

The normalized noise power is obtained by integrating its power spectral density (psd), i.e.,

EQUATION …(iv)

Substituting from equation (iii) in above equation,

equation

* By property of psd.

Since `f ‘ is squared in above equation, therefore, we can change integration limits from (-,) to (0, ) i.e.,

equation

Let 2fRC = y

so that 2RC df = dy

or dr =

Therefore, equation (v) becomes,

equation

Here, let us use the following standard result of integration:

equation

Now, we can rearrange equation (vi) as,

equation

Comparing this equation with equation (vii), we get

m = 1 and n = 2

Thus, equation

The signal to noise power ratio is given as

Substituting x₀²(t) from equation (ii) and from equation (viii), we get

equation

Again, let v= , then above equation becomes,

EQUATION

For maximum value of should be equal to zero, i.e.,

equation

⸫ 2v e^-v (1-e^-v) = (1-e^-v)²

or 2v e^-v = 1 – e^-v

or 2v e^-v+ e^-v = 1

or e^-v (1 + 2v) = 1

or e^v = 1 + 2v

Solving, we get v = 1.26

Since v =, we can write,

Maximum value of will be obtained substituting v = = 1.26 in equation (ix)

Thus, equation

In a last example we have obtained for a rectangular pulse input to the matched filter.

Thus, we have

(matched filter) =

With this result we can write equation (x) as under:

EQUATION

Thus, because of RC filter, the maximum signal to noise ratio obtained is reduced to 0.814 of that of matched filter. Hence Proved

EXAMPLE 6.18. Find the impulse response of the matched filter for a Gaussian signal pulse given by,

EQUATION

The noise on the channel is a white noise with power density spectrum of

Calculate the maximum signal to noise ratio achieved by this filter.

Solution: The given gaussian pulse is,

EQUATION

We know that the impulse response of the matched filter is given as,

h(t) = x (T –t)

Let = 1, then above equation will be,

h(t) == x (T-t = …(ii)

This equation gives the required impulse response of the matched filter for Gaussian signal pulse.

We know that the maximum signal to noise ratio of matched filter is given as,

equation

Here, E is the energy of the signal x(t). It can be calculated as,

equation

Substituting value of x(t) from equation (i), we get

equation

Now, substituting

= y²

so that = y

or dt = dy

however, the integration limits will remain same.

Now, substituting these values in equation (iv), we get

equation

Let us use the following standard result of integration:

EQUATION

Here, putting b = 0 and a = 1, we get

equation

Using the result of above equation, we can obtain equation (v) as,

equation

Substituting this value of E in equation (iii), the maximum signal to noise ratio is given as,

equation

EXAMPLE 6.19. Two messages are transmitted by mark and space using a simple binary pulse shown in figure 6.38. Find error probability of the optimum receiver assuming that the probability of x(t) being present is 0.5. Assume that the channel noise is a white noise of power spectral density , where N = 10^-4.

DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.38 Transmitted signal x(t).

Solution: The pulse of figure 6.38 can be represented mathematically as,

x(t) = for 0 < t ≤ T/2

2A – for T/2 < t ≤ T …(i)

The energy of signal x(t) can be calculated as under:

E = (t) dt

Substituting value of x(t), we get

EQUATION

or EQUATION

or E = …(ii)

Since the channel noise is white noise, the optimum filter is same as matched filter. Hence, we can use the relations derived for matched filter. The probability of error of matched filter is given as,

P_e = …(iii)

Here, it may be noted that this probability of error, P_e is obtained for the transmission and reception of two symbols x₁ (t) and x₂(t). Even though not stated earlier, it is assumed that probability of occurrence of x₁ (t) and x₂(t) is same. Since there are only two symbols, probability of occurrence of x₁ (t) and x₂,(t) both will be 0.5. Hence, this example probability of x(t) [i.e., one of the symbols] is given 0.5. Thus, the probability of other symbol which is represented by space will also be 0.5. Thus, the error probability given by equation (iii) above can be used to calculate P_e, in this example.

Here N₀ = N= 10^-4 given

and

since T = 10³ given.

Substituting these values in equation (iii) we get

P_e =

or P_e =

This is the required probability of error. Ans.

EXAMPLE 6.20. Figure 6.39 shows signal x(t)

(a) Determine the impulse response of the filter matched to this signal and sketch it.

(b) Plot the output of the matched filter.

Solution: The impulse response of the matched filter is given x(t)

h(t) = x(T – t) assuming = 1

The impulse response is sketched in figure 6.40(a), it can be described as,

EQUATION

diagram

FIGURE 6.39 Input signal.

The output of the matched filter is obtained by convolution of x(t) and h(t), i.e.,

y(t) = x(t) Ä h(t)

Figure 6.47(b) shows the output signal. The waveform has maximum value at t = T, it is .

DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.40 (a) The signal pulse x(t), (b) Impulse response of the signal of (a), (c) Output waveform of the matched filter

EXAMPLE 6.21. A received binary NRZ signal assumes the voltages levels of 500 millivolts and 500 millivolts respectively for ‘1’ and ‘0’ transmission with a bit rate or r bits/second. The signal is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise with a two-sided spectral density of 10^-6 volts 2/Hz. The received signal is processed by an Integrate and Dump circuit in every bit interval and compared with a zero threshold to take a bit decision.

Assuming ‘1’ and ‘0’ transmission to be equally likely, the maximum value of r such that the bit error probability < 10^-5.

Given: at x = 4.27

EQUATION

Solution:

FIGURE 6.41.

The transmitted signal is

EQUATION

then, energy of the difference signal at the filter input

EQUATION

Bit error probability,

EQUATION

Give P_s ≤ 10^-5

then, equation

or = 4.27

Now as = 10^-6 volts/Hz

⸫ EQUATION

EQUATION

We have, Pe₀ =

Now, the probability of error, on condition that sending symbol is 0,

equation

Setting l = 0, and putting

= – z

we have, EQUATION

Now, the average probability of symbol error P_e in the receiver is given by,

P_e = P₀ P_e0 + P₁, P_e1

where P_e and P₁ are the prior probabilities of binary symbols 0 and 1, respectively,

Since P_eo = P_e, and assuring the symbols 0 and 1 occur with equal probability i.e.,

p₀ = p₁ =

then, p_e =

Hence, average probability of symbol error in a binary coded PCM receiver depends solely on E_b/ N₀, the ratio of transmitted signal energy per bit to noise spectral density.

EXAMPLE 6.22. Prove that signal to noise ratio

where E is the energy of the input signal s(t) and h/2 is the power spectral density of the input noise h(t).

Solution: Suppose the frequency response of the linear filter is H().

Then the matched filter output,

EQUATION

where s() =

Output noise power,

EQUATION

EQUATION …(i)

EQUATION

Now, using Schwarz inequality, we have

EQUATION …(ii)

Using equations (ii) and (i), we get

EQUATION

where E = d, energy of input signal.

EXAMPLE 6.23. Compute the matched filter output over (0, 7) to the pulse waveform

EQUATION

Solution: For the given s(t), the impulse response of the matched filter is,

h(t) = s(T – t).

or h(t) = e^-(T-t)

Now, output z(t) = s(t) Ä h(t)

or EQUATION