download pdf for engineering of digital electronics communication :-

Basic introduction of digital communication :-

1. The communication process : elements of a communication
2. sources of information
3. Baseband and Passband signals
4. Classification of communication

5. The modulation process

6. Primary communication resources

7. Analog and digital signals

8. conversion of analog signals to digital signals

9. analog and digital communication

10. need of digital communication

11. communication channels for digital transmission

12. advantages and disadvantages of digital communication

13. Fundamental limitations of communication system

14. Historical perspective the evolution of modern electronic communication

15. introduction to signals

16. energy and power signals

17. Brief review of Fourier series and Fourier Transform

Fourier series : definition and basic concept
Exponential Fourier series (i.e complex exponential Fourier series)
Fourier Transform : mathematical representation
Inverse Fourier Transform : Mathematical Representation
Properties of Fourier Transform
Fourier transforms of Few standard signals

18. Power and energy theorems

19. spectral density functions

Energy spectral density (ESD) : definition
definition of ESD : definition
Power spectral density (PSD) : definition

20. correlation of energy signals

Auto correlation function for the energy signals
cross correlation of energy signals
auto correlation function of power signals
cross correlation of power signals

Probability theory and Random variables

1. Basic definitions related to probability

2. Basic concept of probability

3. properties of probability

4. Conditional probability

5. Probability of statistically Independent events

6. Random Variables

7. Probability function or probability distribution of a Discrete Random variable

8. Cumulative distribution function (CDF)

9. Probability Density function (PDF)

Properties of probability density function (PDF)

10. Joint cumulative distribution function

Properties of joint cumulative distribution function

11. The joint probability density function

Properties of joint PDF
The relationship between joint PDF and probability

12. Marginal Densities

13. Conditional probability density function

properties of conditional PDF

14. Statistical Averages of Random Variables

Mean or Average
Mean value of discrete Random variable
Mean Values of continuous Random Variables
Moments and Variance ‘

15. Uniform Distribution

16. Gaussian or normal distribution

17. Rayleigh Distribution

18. Random process

Ensemble and time averages
Ensemble Averages
time averages
Stationary and non-stationary Random process
Wide sense Stationary (i.e., Weakly stationary) process
Ergodic process
Gaussion process

19. Sum of Random processes

20. Correlation function

Autocorrelation function
properties of autocorrelation function of random process
Cross correlation function

21. Spectral densities

Power spectral density (PSD)
energy spectral density (ESD)

22. Response of linear systems to Random Inputs

Sampling theory and pulse modulation

1. The sampling theorem

2. Proof of sampling theorem

Important points about sampling theorem

3. Nyquist rate and Nyquist Interval

4. Reconstruction filter (low pass filter)

5. Signal reconstruction : the interpolation formula

6. Effect of under sampling : Aliasing

7. Sampling of Bandpass signal

8. sampling techniques

Ideal sampling or instantaneous sampling or impulse sampling
natural sampling
Flat top sampling or rectangular pulse sampling

9. Aperture effect

10. Comparison of Various sampling techniques

11. Analog pulse modulation methods

12. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)

Naturally sampled pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signal
Instantaneous or idealy sampled pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signal
Transmission Bandwidth in pulse Amplitude modulation (PAM)
Demodulation of PAM signals
Transmission of PAM signals
Drawbacks of Pulse Amplitude modulated (PAM) signal

13. Pulse time modulation

pulse width modulation (PWM)
Frequency spectrum for PWM wave
modulation of PWM signal or PWM generation
Demodulation of PWM signal
Advantages of PWM
Disadvantages of PWM
pulse position modulation
Generation of PPM signal
Advantages of PPM
Disadvantages of PPM

14. comparison of Various pulse analog modulation methods

Waveform coding Techniques

1. Discretization in time and amplitude

2.concept of Quantization

3. Pulse code modulation (PCM)

4. A PCM generator or transmitter

5. PCM Transmission path

Block diagram of a Repeater

6. PCM Receiver

7. Quantizer

Classification of Quantization process
A uniform Quantizer

8. working principle of quantizer

9. A uniform quantizer with incorrect

10. Transmission bandwidth in a PCM system

11. Quantization noise/error in PCM

12. Signal to quantization noise ratio for linear quantization

13. Influence of noise on the PCM system

14. various important aspects related to PCM

Advantages of digital representation of a signal : salient Features
Drawbacks
difference between waveform coding and source coding
encoding in PCM
Multiplexing in PCM systems
Synchronization in PCM

15. performance evaluation of PCM : probability of error for PCM

16. comparison of pcm and analog modulation

benefits of pcm
PCM is not used for radio Broadcasting

17. Robust quantization in a PCM system

18. Necessity of Nonuniform quantization for speech signal

19. Nonuniform quantization

20. Companding (i.e. companded PCM)

Compressor characteristic
Expander characteristics

21. compander characteristic

22. Different types of compressor characteristics

μ law companding
A – law companding

23. Applications of PCM

24. Advantages of PCM : salient features of PCM

25. Drawbacks of PCM

26. Delta modulation

advantages of delta modulation : salient Features of delta modulation
Drawbacks of delta modulation
Bit rate (i.e. signaling rate) of delta modulation

27. Evaluation of maximum output signal to noise ratio

28. Delta sigma modulation

Drawback of conventional delta modulation
Advantages of use of Integrator
Block diagram of delta sigma modulator
Simplified sigma delta system in a simplified manner

29. Adaptive delta modulation

Advantages of adaptive delta modulation : salient features

30. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)

31. Evaluation of output signal to noise ratio

Importance of prediction gain
types of predictors
Advantage of DPCM : salient Features

32. comparison of digital pulse modulation methods

digital multiplexers

1. Multiplexing

Frequency division multiplexing
time division multiplexing (TDM)

2. A PAM/TDM system

signaling rate and its determination in a PAM/TDM system
Transmission Bandwidth of a PAM/TDM channel
synchronization and its significant in PAM/TDM system
concept of crosstalk in a PAM/TDM system
concept of Guard time
salient Features of TDM
Drawbacks of TDM

3. Introduction to digital multiplexers

principle of digital multiplexing

4. Classification of digital multiplexers

5. Multiplexing Hierarchy for digital communication

calculation of Bit rate at Each level
Bit rate and transmission channel Bandwidth
Bandwidth Efficiency
Advantages of digital Multiplexing : salient Features

6. North American Hierarchy

7. T lines

8. A PCM-TDM system : T1 Carrier system

9. E Lines

Digital Baseband Transmission

1. A Baseband digital communication system

2. Introduction to Discrete PAM signal (Digital data formats)

3. Line coding and its properties

4. Various PAM formats or line codes

5. Unipolar RZ and NRZ

6. Polar RZ and NRZ

7.Bipolar NRZ [Alternate mark inversion (AMI)]

8. Split phase Manchester format

9. polar quaternary NRZ format

10. High density Bipolar (HDB) signalling

11. B8ZS line code

12. Power spectra of Discrete PAM signals (Various line codes)

13. Power spectral density (PSD) of NRZ unipolar format

14. power spectral density (PSD) of NRZ polar format

15. Power spectral density (psd) of NRZ Bipolar format

16. Power spectral density (psd) of the Manchester format

Salient Features of the psd of a Manchester format

17. Comparison of various Discrete PAM formats on the basis of power spectra

18. Difference between source coding and line coding

19. Introduction to matched filter and Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

20. Integrate and Dump filter (i.e. Receiver)

Calculating of signal to noise Ratio for the integrate and Dump filter
computation of Probability of error for Integrate and Dump filter receiver

21. The optimum filter (i.e. optimum receiver)

Calculation of probability of error (Pc) for optimum filter
Evaluation of transfer function for the optimum filter

22. Matched filter

Calculation of Impulse response for the matched filter
Calculation of probability of error (Pe) for the matched filter
Few points about error probability of error , Pe of matched filter

23. The correlator : coherent Reception

24. Intersymbol interference (ISI)

25. Factors responsible for Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

26. Nyquist’s Criterion for distortionless basband Binary Transmission

27. Ideal solution

28. Raised cosine spectrum

29. concept of eye pattern

Introduction to signal space Analysis

1. concept of additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel

2. Concept of optimum receiver

3. Geometric Representation of signals

4. Schwarz Inequality

5. Gram schmidt orthogonalization procedure

digital modulation techniques

1. Digital modulation formats

2. types of digital modulation techniques

3. coherent binary modulation techniques

4. coherent binary amplitude shift keying or on off keying

signal space diagram of ASK
generation of ASK signal
BASK reception : coherent detection or demodulation of binary ASK signal
salient feature of BASK
Drawback
Bit error rate (BER) or probability of error

5. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)

generation of BPSK signal
reception of BPSK signal : coherent detection
the spectrum of BPSK signals
A Geometrical representation for BPSK signals
Bandwidth for BPSK signal
Salient Features of BPSK
Drawbacks of BPSK
Bit error rate (BER) or probability of error

6. coherent Binary Frequency shift keying

Generation of BFSK
The spectrum of BFSK signal
Bandwidth of BFSK signal
BPSK receiver : coherent detection of BFSK
Geometrical Representation of orthogonal BFSK
comparison of three basic digital modulation techniques
Geometrical representation of non orthogonal BFSK signals
salient features of BFSK
Drawback of BFSK

7. Non coherent binary modulation techniques
8. non coherent binary amplitude shift keying (ASK)
9. Non coherent detection of FSK
10. Differential phase shift keying (DPSK)

Generation of DPSK
detection of DPSK
Evaluation of bandwidth of DPSK signal
Advantages and disadvantages of DPSK
performance comparison of BPSK and DPSK

11. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)

12. Generation of QPSK

Reception of QPSK (i.e. detection of QPSK)
concept of carrier synchronization in QPSK
signal space representation in QPSK signals
spectrum of QPSK signal
Bandwidth of QPSK signal
Advantages of QPSK

13. Minimum shift keying (MSK)

signal space representation of MSK and distance between the signal points (i.e. geometrical representation of MSK)
power spectral density (PSD) and bandwidth of MSK
Generation of MSK
reception of MSK (i.e. detection of MSK)
Advantages and Drawbacks of MSK as compared to QPSK

14. Gaussian minimum shift keying (i.e. GMSK)

15. GMSK for wireless data transmission

16. GMSK from MSK

17. Detection of Binary modulation techniques in presence of noise

Probability of error for PCM system

18. Calculation of error probability in ASK

19. error probability in BPSK

20. Error probability in BPSK

21. comparison of digital modulation schemes using a single carrier

probability of error

Information theory

1. what is information ?

2. information sources

3. Information content of a discrete memoryless source (DMS)

4. Information content of a symbol (i.e. Logarithmic measure of information)

5. Entropy (i.e. Average information)

6. Information rate

7. The discrete memoryless channels (DMC)

Channel representation
The channel matrix

8.Types of chennals

lossless channel
Deterministic channel
noiseless channel
Binary symmetric channel (BSC)

9. The conditional and Joint Entropies

10. The mutual information

11. The channel capacity

channel capacity per symbol (Cs)
channel capacity per second (C)
capacities of special channel

12. Entropy relations for a continuous channel

13. Capacity of an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel : shannon Hartley law

14. channel capacity : a detailed study

15. Transmission of continuous signals

16. Uncertainty in the transmission process

17. Exchange of Bandwidth for signal to noise Ratio

18. The source coding

Few terms related to source coding process
the source coding theorem
classification of codes
the kraft Inequality

19. Entropy coding

Shannon Fano coding
The Huffman coding

Error control coding

1. Introduction of error control coding

Detection and correction of errors
classification of codes
classification of errors
error detection techniques
error correction techniques

2. generation and detection of coded signals

Drawbacks of coding technique
classification of error correcting codes

3. Overview of error control coding techniques

types of error control
Forward error correction (FEC) technique for error control

4. ARQ system (Automatic repeat request)

basic ARQ system

5. classification of codes

Block codes
Convolutional codes

6. Transmission errors : Random and Burst errors

Interleaving : definition
concatenated codes

7. power and bandlimited channels

classical error control system
types of channels
Bandlimited channels
power limited channels

8. discrete memoryless channel (DMC)

9. Error detection methods

parity checking
checksum error detection
error detection using VRC and LRC

10. Important definitions related to codes

11. Linear block codes

12. Hamming codes

error detection and correction capabilities of hamming code
encoder of (7,4) hamming code

13. syndrome decoding for block codes

error correction using syndrome vector
syndrome decoder for (n,k) block codes
decoding of a linear block code

14. cyclic codes

code word polynomial
generator polynomial for the cyclic code
Generation of Non systematic code words
Generation of systematic code words
Generator and Parity check matrices of the cyclic codes
systematic form of generator matrix
Encoder for cyclic codes
Difference between source coding , line coding and error detection codes
syndrome decoding for the cyclic codes
syndrome calculator for the systematic cyclic codes
decoder for cyclic codes
cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

15. other codes

Golay codes
Bose chaudhuri Hocquenqthem (BCH) codes
how to use table
Reed solomon codes (R-S codes)

16. convolutional codes

Encoder for convolutional coding
Practical convolutional encoder
Few definitions Related to convolutional codes
Time domain approach
Transform domain approach
Graphical representation for convolutional encoding
The code tree
Code Trellis
state diagram

17. Decoding methods of convolutional codes

Viterbi Algorithm
Metric Diversion effect
Free distance and coding gain
Transfer function of the convolutional codes

18. Sequential decoding

stop and wait ARQ system
Go back N ARQ
selective repeat ARQ system

Spread spectrum modulation techniques

1. pseudo noise (PN) sequences

properties of maximal length sequences
choosing a maximal length sequence

2. A Basic Idea of spread spectrum

3. Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS – SS) with BPSK

4. Frequency Hopped spread spectrum (FH – SS)

5. Performance of direct sequence spread spectrum system

6. Performance of frequency hopping spread spectrum

7. Modulation performance in Fading and multipath channel

8. Performance of digital modulation in slow flat fading channels

9. Digital modulation in Frequency selective mobile channels